00:00:00 Hello, everyone, and welcome to my lab.

00:00:30 Are you ready to learn?

00:00:32 Are you ready to have fun?

00:00:34 Well, here we go.

00:00:36 I promise you a good time, especially if you pay close attention to what goes on.

00:00:40 Lots of interesting things are going to happen, some of them very fast.

00:00:44 And so I want you to be as attentive as possible,

00:00:47 because we are going to do a whole series of experiments,

00:00:52 and we're going to obey the safety rules.

00:00:54 You notice I have my goggles on,

00:00:56 and you also notice that we have a fire extinguisher ready to be used

00:01:00 just in case something goes out of control.

00:01:03 You also notice we're not planning on things going out of control,

00:01:07 but just in case. We always have to obey the safety rules.

00:01:10 You also notice that I have a special time device here.

00:01:13 It's not really all that special, except that...

00:01:16 Can you tell time by this?

00:01:18 Some are saying yes, some are saying no.

00:01:21 What we have done here is put the symbols of the elements

00:01:25 whose atomic number corresponds to the usual numbers that we have on a clock.

00:01:31 So for hydrogen, that's number one.

00:01:33 For helium, it's number two.

00:01:35 For lithium, it's number three, and so on.

00:01:37 In fact, this is a 24-hour clock.

00:01:41 And so we'll come back to this idea and to this concept later on.

00:01:44 In chemistry, we talk about elements that have a unique atomic number,

00:01:49 and that's what is shown over here.

00:01:52 All right, so if you look now closely, over here I have a flame.

00:01:57 You can hardly see it, so let's see if we can improve on that

00:02:00 and show you a different kind of a flame.

00:02:03 There, let's see. We do this.

00:02:07 There, you see this better, right?

00:02:09 This is a flame now that's releasing energy in the form of light.

00:02:15 That's what we see.

00:02:16 And also in the form of heat. It's quite warm here.

00:02:19 Such reactions we call combustion reactions.

00:02:22 Now you notice when you came to my lab

00:02:25 that we have a whole bunch of pieces of equipment and chemicals,

00:02:28 but you also notice that we have balloons.

00:02:31 And you notice that those balloons are up in the air,

00:02:35 so they must have in them a gas or gases that are lighter than air,

00:02:40 and they're held by strings.

00:02:41 Hardly visible, but they're held by strings.

00:02:43 That's why they are where they are.

00:02:46 So we're going to find out what's in those balloons

00:02:48 by bringing this flame to one balloon,

00:02:51 and we'll watch and see what happens.

00:02:53 Here we go.

00:02:55 Oh!

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00:06:06 Well thank you.

00:06:07 Alright thanks very much.

00:06:08 By the way you just heard a little bit of anJared зам Why are you even watching this?

00:06:09 I just want to.

00:06:10 It's wonderful.

00:06:11 Now this is a very rare experiment in the dark.

00:06:12 You can see the explosion in the dark.

00:06:13 And you can see the hydrogen.

00:06:14 And I have to say that the explosion was very violent.

00:06:15 It exploded with oxygen.

00:06:16 And it was a very violent explosion because there was more oxygen in close proximity to

00:06:17 the hydrogen, much more than we have in air.

00:06:18 So as we often do in science, let's once more repeat that experiment in the dark and make

00:06:19 sure that you have your ears well protected.

00:06:20 You ready?

00:06:21 Here we go.

00:06:22 Oh!

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00:06:44 That experiment in the dark again told us, that we could see, that there was a difference

00:06:55 in the intensity of the light that was given off when the explosion took place.

00:07:00 Let's take a look at that one in slow motion and see if we can look at the difference.

00:07:05 Here's the flame coming to the balloon.

00:07:07 And there.

00:07:10 Much faster reaction and much, much brighter glow than before.

00:07:16 Okay.

00:07:17 So the experiments that we do in this lab are all exciting experiments.

00:07:27 They involve different changes as we have seen, but they also involve color changes.

00:07:32 So I want to show you right over here an experiment whereby we will look at these beakers.

00:07:41 There are, let's see, one, two, three, four, five of them.

00:07:43 And what I'm going to do is add clear and colorless liquids to the beakers and we'll

00:07:51 see what happens.

00:07:52 So here's the first liquid.

00:07:55 You like that?

00:07:56 Okay.

00:07:57 We'll wait until you see the next one.

00:07:58 And that's...

00:08:01 And here is the third one.

00:08:06 Lots of interesting changes there, right?

00:08:09 Let's look at the last one.

00:08:14 A lot of interesting, fascinating changes.

00:08:17 That's why we do science, to try to understand this beautiful world that we live in and how

00:08:23 we can develop a rational explanation for the different systems that we look at.

00:08:29 Now in my lab across time since I've come to the University of Wisconsin in Madison,

00:08:35 I've had the privilege of having many excellent helpers and collaborators, and I've made a

00:08:40 lot of good friends over the past 24 years.

00:08:43 And I would like for you now to meet one of my very special friends who is about to retire,

00:08:49 who has been a part of this program ever since he came to the University of Wisconsin.

00:08:54 Would you please welcome Dr. Glenn Doreen.

00:08:56 Glenn.

00:08:57 Hi, Glenn.

00:08:58 Welcome.

00:08:59 Thank you.

00:09:00 Thank you.

00:09:01 It's been a great pleasure to work with Miss Ann for more than 20 years, and it's a bittersweet

00:09:11 pleasure to be retiring at this point.

00:09:15 In honor of this occasion, I thought I would read something to you from this chemistry

00:09:19 book.

00:09:24 It's a real chemistry book, you see.

00:09:28 Have you read any hot books lately?

00:09:31 So try that one more time.

00:09:38 That's a magic trick.

00:09:39 I bought the first one of these more than 10 years ago, but it has all of the ingredients

00:09:45 that you need for a good chemical reaction.

00:09:47 In this particular case, the example is combustion.

00:09:50 How do you make a fire?

00:09:51 And what do you need for a fire?

00:09:52 Well, you need a fuel, you need oxygen, you need heat, and all of those are present.

00:10:00 So first of all, let's see if we can see the bottom of the book.

00:10:04 If you look up on the monitors, you'll see a little switch.

00:10:07 It's right there that I concealed from you, of course.

00:10:11 Inside the book, there are some batteries, dry cells.

00:10:18 There's a wick on which we put the fuel in this particular case, and of course, we get

00:10:22 the oxygen from the air.

00:10:24 So if you watch right here, right in the middle, you should be able to see a glow just

00:10:31 before it bursts into flame.

00:10:33 Do you see that?

00:10:35 It's pretty quick.

00:10:36 Anyway, that's an example of production of a fire.

00:10:40 Now, instead of producing a flame, let's use the flame to do something else.

00:10:47 And we've got a pop bottle.

00:10:54 I said a pop bottle, didn't I?

00:10:58 If you're aware, that might be a good idea if you just want to cup your hands over your

00:11:01 ears.

00:11:02 You'll know whether something...

00:11:03 Yeah, he's already got you trained, hasn't he?

00:11:06 Okay, here we go.

00:11:09 Now, he said we ought to repeat these experiments.

00:11:20 So let's repeat this one in the dark.

00:11:27 Are you ready?

00:11:29 Here we go.

00:11:34 Okay, I think we have a replay of that.

00:11:43 Let's try it on the monitor, if you'll examine the monitor.

00:11:47 There it is.

00:11:48 It's a still frame, actually.

00:11:50 It's a still shot.

00:11:51 It's not really a replay in that sense, but that's what it looks like for just one very

00:11:56 brief period of time.

00:11:58 Okay, let's go to something else.

00:12:02 The hot book was a magic trick.

00:12:05 Let's try another magic trick.

00:12:08 I have this magic vessel, which I paid a great price for at a garage sale, and I'm going

00:12:15 to pour this liquid into the magic vessel, and we're going to close it up, and then because

00:12:23 in order for magic to work, you know, you sometimes have to use a magic wand.

00:12:28 So, and in case it didn't get the message, we'll try it again, okay.

00:12:37 Now we're going to pour the liquid back out of here.

00:12:42 We're going to pour the liquid back out of here.

00:12:46 I said this was a magic vessel.

00:12:48 It has the power to turn that liquid into a solid.

00:12:52 Now, I don't think we really want to do magic today.

00:13:07 We really want to do science, so let's, before I show you what's in that magic vessel, let

00:13:13 me just show you a little bit different way of looking at a reaction here.

00:13:19 I have a little bit of this white powder, and I'm simply going to pour it into the bottom

00:13:22 of this beaker, okay.

00:13:25 I have some more green liquid.

00:13:27 It's just water with food coloring in it, just as the other one was, too.

00:13:31 And what I'm going to do is I'm going to pour these back and forth and mix them.

00:13:34 So, are you ready?

00:13:51 Now you may have some idea of how this works.

00:13:55 It's a two-chambered vessel.

00:13:58 Maybe we can see that on the, there we go.

00:14:01 Just the silk in one side, a little bit of that white powder in the other, and that white

00:14:06 powder has the ability to gel, to tie up all of that water, all 700 milliliters or so of

00:14:12 it there.

00:14:13 It's a very useful substance.

00:14:16 Some of you may have used it.

00:14:18 You may not have known that you used it.

00:14:22 Anybody recognize those?

00:14:24 Yeah, super absorbent disposable diapers.

00:14:28 Tens of pounds every year are used for exactly that purpose.

00:14:32 Well, with that, let's get on with the show.

00:14:35 Again, thank you, Professor Shakishiri.

00:14:38 Thank you very much, Glenn.

00:14:41 We are going to miss you, Glenn, but you promised to come back not only this time of the year,

00:14:52 but any time that you want to.

00:14:53 You're most welcome in my lab.

00:14:55 Now we're going to move on to a couple of other experiments.

00:14:59 What I have here is a solid.

00:15:02 We call it sugar.

00:15:03 It came out of this bag, actually.

00:15:06 I have another chemical, which is a liquid.

00:15:10 This is sulfuric acid.

00:15:13 Sugar is made up of three elements, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

00:15:18 In combination with each other, it's called a carbohydrate.

00:15:22 Sulfuric acid is made up also of three elements, hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.

00:15:29 Sulfuric acid has a great affinity for water.

00:15:34 One of the things that we're going to do with this set of chemicals is to see what happens

00:15:40 when we add the sulfuric acid to the sugar that has in it a lot of water.

00:15:46 We're going to do this experiment not over here in the middle of the bench, but we're

00:15:50 going to do it at this end of the lab, right behind and right inside this plastic box,

00:15:59 which is connected to the exhaust system.

00:16:31 As we watch this reaction, we notice that there was a color change.

00:16:54 This is always an indication that a chemical reaction is taking place.

00:16:58 If you watch carefully now, keep an eye on that beaker that is inside that box that

00:17:06 is connected to the exhaust area, you will begin to see additional.

00:17:11 This looks like it's burned sugar now, right?

00:17:13 It was brown first, right?

00:17:15 What we'll begin to see, in addition to what we have seen so far now, you can begin to

00:17:21 see what looks like steam coming off.

00:17:24 It's actually condensed water vapor coming off.

00:17:27 You can see that that's actually the water coming off from the dehydration of the sugar.

00:17:44 That black column is actually carbon.

00:17:48 The carbon that's left behind after the sulfuric acid has removed all the water from the sugar

00:17:55 and, of course, has destroyed the sugar, it's no longer sugar, it has become carbon.

00:18:00 Now I'm going to show you another set of experiments over here where I have a solid.

00:18:08 It's a purple solid.

00:18:09 It's called potassium permanganate.

00:18:12 It's purple and it's so intense in color that it looks almost black.

00:18:21 I'm going to make an indentation on the very top of the small mound that I made here and

00:18:27 then I'm going to take a liquid called glycerin and I'm going to put some glycerin in that

00:18:36 small little indentation.

00:18:40 As we often do, we watch and see what happens.

00:18:45 We're looking for evidence of chemical change and sometimes the change is instantaneous.

00:18:51 Sometimes it takes a little longer for it to happen.

00:18:53 So here we see now some smoke and we see a fire.

00:18:57 It looks like a volcano.

00:19:00 This is a reaction between potassium permanganate and glycerin and this reaction gives off a

00:19:10 lot of energy, not only in the form of light as we saw, but also in the form of heat.

00:19:17 In fact, what we're going to do next is use this very same reaction between potassium

00:19:23 permanganate and glycerin to initiate, to trigger, another reaction.

00:19:29 And this other reaction is going to take place inside these two flower pots that I have prepared

00:19:35 earlier.

00:19:37 There is a mixture of a chemical we call aluminum powder and another chemical we call iron oxide

00:19:45 and they're mixed intimately with each other and on the top of that mixture I have the

00:19:50 very same potassium permanganate that's present there.

00:19:54 So I'll make the indentation as I did before and I'm going to take the two flower pots

00:20:01 now over to that exhaust box that we have arranged and carry out the reaction right

00:20:08 over here.

00:20:09 So I'll put the flower pots right in position.

00:20:16 I take some of the glycerin and put it in place and step aside.

00:20:32 And what we're looking for, once again, is evidence of chemical change, namely that smoke.

00:20:38 There's that smoke taking place now.

00:20:40 Now get ready to watch this.

00:20:42 We're going to do this in the dark pretty soon.

00:21:01 This is a very spectacular reaction between aluminum and iron oxide and it produced aluminum

00:21:10 oxide and iron but the temperature of this reaction was so high that it melted the iron.

00:21:16 So let's take a look at this in slow motion and see if we can gain additional information

00:21:22 by doing that.

00:21:23 Here's the smoke coming off the top from the potassium permanganate reaction with the glycerin

00:21:29 and pretty soon that will initiate the combination of aluminum with iron oxide and we will see

00:21:36 lots of smoke and lots of sparks and pretty soon right from the hole in the flower pot

00:21:42 we will see the flow of molten iron.

00:21:45 There it is coming all the way down and a very dazzling and spectacular reaction.

00:21:53 In fact, what I'm going to do now, I'm going to walk over there and I'm going to show you

00:22:00 a piece of the molten iron that's down here.

00:22:09 It's not molten anymore, it's just, you see, it's still red hot.

00:22:13 It was so hot before it was bright white and we caught it in a bucket of sand for safety

00:22:19 reasons.

00:22:20 Don't go away because when we return, Professor Shakashiri will be joined by some very special

00:22:28 guests.

00:22:36 What I'd like to talk about and actually do experiments with is a substance that's common,

00:22:45 very common, we use it all the time, it's called carbon dioxide.

00:22:48 And what I'm going to do is use carbon dioxide, not in the gas form, but in the solid form.

00:22:56 And solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice.

00:23:00 So here's a chunk of dry ice.

00:23:03 Unlike ordinary ice, it does not melt.

00:23:06 It changes directly from being a solid to a gas.

00:23:10 We call that process sublimation.

00:23:13 And when we touch this, we shouldn't actually touch it except if we have protection on our

00:23:19 hands because the temperature of dry ice is minus 78 degrees Celsius.

00:23:26 It's very, very cold and will cause frostbite if you're not careful about handling it.

00:23:31 So I'm going to take these chunks of dry ice now and ask you to focus your attention on

00:23:37 these six cylinders that have in them colored liquids.

00:23:41 And what I'm going to do is add different, to different cylinders, I'm going to add chunks

00:23:47 of dry ice.

00:23:48 So here's the first one.

00:23:52 Here's more.

00:23:55 And you see the bubbles of carbon dioxide.

00:23:58 These bubbles of carbon dioxide are coming from the sublimation of the dry ice to the

00:24:05 liquid and mixing with the liquid.

00:24:07 And what is happening is that we have a chemical reaction that is producing the color changes

00:24:13 that are beginning to happen, but also are producing some fog right at the top of the

00:24:21 cylinders.

00:24:23 What looks like smoke is not really smoke.

00:24:25 It's really fog.

00:24:26 It's condensed water vapor.

00:24:27 It's condensing on the carbon dioxide that's coming from the sublimation.

00:24:32 So what I'm going to do next actually is, well, let me just do it and you'll see what

00:24:38 it is.

00:24:39 What I'm going to do is into these empty dish pans, I'm going to put some hot water, very

00:24:47 hot water.

00:24:50 And you see something coming off the top there?

00:24:52 What does it look like?

00:24:54 It looks like steam.

00:24:55 That's what we usually call it, but that's wrong because steam is invisible.

00:24:59 We can't see steam.

00:25:01 Steam is an invisible gas.

00:25:04 That's condensed water vapor is what we're seeing.

00:25:07 You know when you blow your breath in the cold weather on your hand to warm up your

00:25:11 hand, you don't see steam, right?

00:25:13 You see condensed water vapor.

00:25:15 So here is more hot water.

00:25:18 I'll put this away.

00:25:20 And the next thing that I'm going to do, you watch carefully.

00:25:23 I'm going to take these two buckets that have dry ice in them and put them right here.

00:25:51 All right, Bucky.

00:25:54 How are you, Bucky?

00:25:57 I'm so happy to see you again, Bucky.

00:26:01 And I just wonder why Bucky brought in these roses, huh?

00:26:06 Why did Bucky do that?

00:26:08 Because we're going to the Rose Bowl, right?

00:26:11 Right.

00:26:12 Congratulations, Bucky.

00:26:15 Now, Bucky is a very special science student.

00:26:24 He's been coming to this special lecture now for over 24 years.

00:26:28 And you notice Bucky is wearing goggles.

00:26:32 Bucky believes in obeying the safety rules, not only in the laboratory, not only in the

00:26:40 stadium, but in everything that we do.

00:26:42 And so, Bucky, I'm so glad to see you wearing your goggles.

00:26:45 I'm also so glad to see you wearing your science is fun, Bucky.

00:26:49 So Bucky believes that science is fun.

00:26:51 And I'm very, very happy that this year we are going to the Rose Bowl.

00:26:56 And so I know you're, yes, yes.

00:26:59 I know that you are getting ready to go to Pasadena, but do you have time to stay for

00:27:14 the rest of this presentation?

00:27:15 Do you want Bucky to stay?

00:27:17 Yeah.

00:27:18 Well, I want Bucky to stay, too, because I have some very special experiments for you

00:27:24 and for Bucky.

00:27:25 Bucky, I have a seat for you over there.

00:27:27 So if you come with me, I'll show you where it is.

00:27:31 It's right here.

00:27:34 And make yourself comfortable.

00:27:37 Okay.

00:27:38 So what we're going to try to do is make sure that Bucky goes on a very special mission

00:27:48 on January 1st.

00:27:51 You have a special mission on the 1st of January, Bucky, don't you?

00:27:55 And this special mission has five elements to it.

00:27:59 And, of course, where do we find elements in my lab?

00:28:03 We find elements in beakers, right?

00:28:06 So let me show you what the first element is for Bucky's mission.

00:28:12 The first element actually is element number four.

00:28:15 There it is.

00:28:17 And the second element for Bucky's mission is element number 85.

00:28:23 So there it is.

00:28:26 And the next element for Bucky's mission is element number 92.

00:28:34 And the next element for Bucky's mission is element number six.

00:28:41 And the fifth element for Bucky's special mission on January 1st is element number 57.

00:28:49 You like that, Bucky, right?

00:28:59 Well, Bucky, our football team has enjoyed a very good season so far.

00:29:07 Our record is 9-1-1.

00:29:09 What would you really like our record to be at the end of the season?

00:29:12 Ten wins, right.

00:29:14 Ten wins.

00:29:15 So ten is the number that we're after, right?

00:29:22 And so that's what I have here.

00:29:23 I have ten beakers in a row.

00:29:27 And I have another row of ten beakers just behind them.

00:29:31 And what I'm going to do is mix the contents of the beakers in the back row with what's in the front row.

00:29:37 And we'll see what happens.

00:29:39 So here we go.

00:29:42 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

00:29:49 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

00:29:57 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

00:30:05 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

00:30:13 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

00:30:22 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

00:30:32 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

00:30:40 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

00:30:49 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

00:30:58 And 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

00:31:07 10.

00:31:09 There it is.

00:31:10 We are going to have 10 wins this year, Bucky.

00:31:12 Thank you.

00:31:18 So you see that what we have put together here is really a special salute to our opponents,

00:31:25 the UCLA Bruins, because we have produced what looks like the colors of the UCLA Bruins, right?

00:31:31 It's almost, it's blue really, but so dark that it looks black.

00:31:36 But it doesn't matter because we are going to beat them, right?

00:31:40 And so how many, how many wins are we really after this year?

00:31:45 10 wins, right?

00:31:47 So that's the record that we want our team to have.

00:31:50 10 wins all together.

00:31:53 Okay, so what we're going to do next is, uh-oh.

00:31:58 Ho, ho, ho, ho, ho.

00:32:00 Merry Christmas, everybody.

00:32:02 Ho, ho, ho, ho, ho.

00:32:04 Merry Christmas.

00:32:06 Merry Christmas.

00:32:09 Ho, ho, ho, ho, ho.

00:32:11 Ho, ho, ho, ho, ho.

00:32:13 Merry Christmas.

00:32:15 Merry Christmas.

00:32:18 Hello, Santa.

00:32:19 Hello, Professor Shakasheri.

00:32:21 Welcome to my lab.

00:32:22 Thank you.

00:32:23 I'm so happy to see you again.

00:32:24 I know.

00:32:25 How is the missus, by the way?

00:32:26 The missus is doing fine.

00:32:27 And all the elves?

00:32:28 The elves are working hard but doing well.

00:32:30 I'm glad to hear that.

00:32:31 It's so kind of you to come to my lab again.

00:32:34 I know you have a very busy schedule, but I did send you a list of things that I wanted,

00:32:38 and I hope you got that list.

00:32:39 Did you?

00:32:40 Yes, I did get that list.

00:32:41 And I really have been good.

00:32:42 Haven't I been good?

00:32:43 Yeah.

00:32:44 Right?

00:32:45 So, you know, one of the things that I really wanted is for the badgers to go to the Rose Bowl this year.

00:32:51 Well, I've done that for you.

00:32:52 You certainly have, but I need to go to the Rose Bowl, too.

00:32:57 Well, I can help you there, too.

00:32:59 You can help me, too?

00:33:00 Okay, that would be great.

00:33:01 Because in the bag I have Rose Bowl tickets.

00:33:06 Oh, great.

00:33:07 Oh, great.

00:33:08 Thank you, Santa.

00:33:09 Thank you.

00:33:10 Thank you.

00:33:11 Thank you.

00:33:12 I will guard them very, very carefully.

00:33:15 Yes.

00:33:16 But I have more.

00:33:17 You have more?

00:33:18 To show everyone that you are a badger fan, this special hat.

00:33:21 Oh, thank you.

00:33:22 That's very nice.

00:33:23 Thank you.

00:33:24 Thank you.

00:33:25 Great, great, great.

00:33:28 And also, to keep yourself warm, just in case you get school, I have a special sweatshirt.

00:33:35 Oh, thank you very much, Santa.

00:33:37 Isn't that nice?

00:33:38 Right?

00:33:39 Thank you.

00:33:40 Thank you.

00:33:41 Now, Santa, I asked, on my list, I asked that you would do something special, not just for me, but for everyone in my lab.

00:33:50 Were you able to do that?

00:33:51 Yes, I was.

00:33:53 Since everyone was good this year, I have special gifts for everybody.

00:33:58 Oh, thank you.

00:33:59 Can I peek in there and see what's in there?

00:34:00 Yes.

00:34:01 Oh, my goodness.

00:34:02 Look what's in there.

00:34:03 A set of instructions for experiments you can do at home or in school.

00:34:06 A Science is Fun button.

00:34:08 My goodness.

00:34:09 What else is in here?

00:34:10 A book on helping your child to learn science.

00:34:13 Oh, a bunch of other goodies.

00:34:15 That's very kind of you, Santa.

00:34:17 But did you bring one for everybody?

00:34:18 One for everybody.

00:34:19 And everybody can pick them up from the Elves right at the end of the lecture.

00:34:22 All right?

00:34:23 All right.

00:34:24 Well, thank you very much, Santa.

00:34:25 I appreciate your being here.

00:34:28 I know you have to rush and go with your other chores, but is it just possible that you would join Bucky Badger and stay for the rest of this lecture?

00:34:38 Do you want Santa to stay?

00:34:40 Okay.

00:34:41 I have a special place for you right there, Santa, right next to Bucky.

00:34:50 Now, one of the things that I would like to show you is a special salute to our teams, of course, to our teams.

00:35:12 Let me get these things out of the way here.

00:35:14 Oh, the tickets to the Rose Bowl.

00:35:17 Very precious.

00:35:19 Very precious.

00:35:20 Right here in my back pocket.

00:35:22 And what I'd like to do is do this experiment that shows us one more time that what we are doing here, we're doing safely, of course, so we need to disentangle all of these.

00:35:38 All right.

00:35:39 So what we do is we're going to light this burner.

00:35:43 No big deal, right?

00:35:46 There's the burner that's lit.

00:35:48 And what we're going to do is show you the colors for the UCLA Bruins, right?

00:35:56 And, of course, our own colors.

00:35:58 Right?

00:35:59 Right?

00:36:00 Okay.

00:36:01 All right.

00:36:02 So what we're going to do is take the UCLA banner and we're going to soak it in this clear and colorless liquid, like so, and pull it out.

00:36:15 It just drips like any wet object would.

00:36:19 And then what we're going to do with it is put it in the flame, like so.

00:36:24 And you see what's happening to it, right?

00:36:31 It's burning, right?

00:36:32 So now, of course, what we're going to do is take the next banner, which is our own colors, and dip it into this clear and colorless liquid.

00:36:44 And it's dripping also.

00:36:47 And then put this in the flame.

00:36:52 And there you see the banner on fire.

00:36:56 Or is it?

00:36:57 You see, we are indestructible.

00:37:00 Okay.

00:37:10 Okay.

00:37:11 All right.

00:37:12 What we're going to do next is take a look at some other experiments.

00:37:19 Actually, very exciting experiments that can be done not only in my lab, but everywhere.

00:37:26 And this next experiment is one that is going to be done by a very special friend of mine.

00:37:34 I have everybody in my lab as a friend of mine, but this very special friend.

00:37:38 And I'm going to ask her to come and help us do this experiment.

00:37:42 So please welcome Elizabeth.

00:37:50 Hi, Elizabeth.

00:37:51 Hi.

00:37:52 How are you today?

00:37:53 Good.

00:37:54 Are you ready to do the experiment?

00:37:56 Yeah.

00:37:57 What do we need for this experiment?

00:37:59 Well, we need some raisins.

00:38:00 We need some raisins.

00:38:01 Let me see if I can find some raisins.

00:38:03 Yes, here's some raisins.

00:38:04 Some mineral water.

00:38:05 Some mineral water.

00:38:06 And a tall glass.

00:38:07 And a tall glass.

00:38:08 Okay.

00:38:09 So here's the glass.

00:38:10 Here's the mineral water.

00:38:13 And here are the raisins.

00:38:14 So what do we do next?

00:38:15 Well, first we open the can.

00:38:17 Okay.

00:38:18 Pour it in.

00:38:24 Oh, look at all that frothing.

00:38:25 You know what that is, right?

00:38:26 That's carbon dioxide gas coming from the carbonated beverage, right?

00:38:29 Okay.

00:38:30 What's the next thing we do?

00:38:32 And put some raisins in.

00:38:35 Put some raisins in.

00:38:36 Oh, good.

00:38:37 I noticed that you put your goggles on before you did the experiment.

00:38:40 I'm very proud of you for having done that.

00:38:42 And why do we put our goggles on?

00:38:44 So we can obey the safety rules.

00:38:47 And protect ourselves, right?

00:38:48 Right.

00:38:49 Okay.

00:38:50 Now, what grade are you in, Elizabeth?

00:38:51 I'm in third grade.

00:38:52 Uh-huh.

00:38:53 And have you given any thought as to what you might do when you grow up?

00:38:56 Well, I want to be a marine biologist.

00:38:59 A marine biologist.

00:39:00 She wants to be a scientist.

00:39:01 Isn't that neat?

00:39:02 Right?

00:39:03 Well.

00:39:04 Yes.

00:39:08 Now, in science, we make observations about the different things that are happening.

00:39:12 So what is happening inside this glass that we have here?

00:39:16 Well, it appears that the raisins are going up and then sinking.

00:39:21 The raisins, indeed, are going up and then they're sinking.

00:39:23 And you notice there are lots of bubbles.

00:39:25 You know, the carbon dioxide bubbles.

00:39:27 What they do is they stick to the raisins and they make the raisins float to the top of the liquid.

00:39:33 And then when the carbon dioxide bubbles escape to the room, to the atmosphere, then the raisins sink back again.

00:39:40 So this is a very straightforward experiment that anybody can do.

00:39:43 Can do safely at home, in school, anywhere that you can get all these three ingredients.

00:39:50 So thank you very much, Elizabeth, for your help.

00:39:52 And I really appreciate it.

00:39:53 Thank you very much.

00:39:54 Before you go, actually, before you go, I'd like to show you a very special chemical.

00:40:03 Would that be alright if I showed that to you?

00:40:05 Okay.

00:40:06 This special chemical is called liquid nitrogen.

00:40:11 And it is kept inside a thermos bottle.

00:40:16 It's a very cold liquid.

00:40:18 It's temperature is minus 196 degrees Celsius.

00:40:22 So let's spill some on the tabletop here.

00:40:24 And you see it's boiled because it hits the warm tabletop.

00:40:29 And what I'm going to do is show you a very interesting, what I hope is interesting, experiment using this helium-filled balloon.

00:40:42 So what I'm going to do, you ready for this, Elizabeth?

00:40:44 Yep.

00:40:45 You still have your goggles on, right?

00:40:46 Yeah.

00:40:47 Okay.

00:40:48 So we take this helium-filled balloon and we put the liquid nitrogen on it.

00:40:54 And you see the liquid nitrogen slows down the movement of the, some of you are covering your ears.

00:41:00 You think this is going to blow up, right?

00:41:03 That's good.

00:41:04 Now we see it collapses because the movement of the helium gas has been slowed down.

00:41:10 And when the balloon then warms up, it'll simply rise.

00:41:16 Let's see what happens to it now.

00:41:17 You see it is really going all the way, all the way to the ceiling.

00:41:23 Hey, how is that?

00:41:24 Okay.

00:41:25 Is that good, right?

00:41:26 Yeah.

00:41:27 Well, Elizabeth, before you go back, I'd like to make a very special presentation to you.

00:41:37 I actually would like you to have one of those roses.

00:41:44 But before I do that, I'd like to do something with the rose.

00:41:52 I'm going to put the rose in liquid nitrogen.

00:42:01 And we'll see what happens to it.

00:42:10 The liquid nitrogen, remember now, is at minus 196 degrees Celsius.

00:42:16 And here is this very special rose, Elizabeth.

00:42:21 Are you all right?

00:42:22 Yeah.

00:42:23 You see?

00:42:24 You sure you're okay?

00:42:25 Yeah.

00:42:26 You see?

00:42:27 The rose petals, the beautiful rose petals become so brittle when they are frozen.

00:42:31 So what I really would like you to do is to have a real rose that you can take back.

00:42:37 Thank you very much, Elizabeth.

00:42:43 Would you like to do the dancing raisins experiment at home?

00:42:47 You will need a large clear glass, one can of clear soda, and a box of raisins.

00:42:52 Pour the soda into the glass.

00:42:54 Then add some raisins and watch them dance around.

00:42:57 Have fun.

00:43:01 I'm going to do this experiment using this porcelain dish that has a handle.

00:43:06 And I'm going to take three pennies, these three pennies that I'm holding in my hand,

00:43:12 I'm going to put them in this porcelain dish like that.

00:43:16 I'm going to next take the chemical we call zinc,

00:43:26 and I'm going to add some zinc on top of the copper pennies.

00:43:30 All I'm doing is pouring some granular zinc, some metallic zinc in,

00:43:35 and then I add the solution, the water solution of something we call zinc chloride.

00:43:40 Just cover these things up like so and start heating them up.

00:43:45 So we'll turn the burner on and we'll heat them for a minute or so.

00:43:55 And we'll come back to them as we look at a different set of experiments

00:44:01 that involve not only water but solutions that have water in them.

00:44:04 And this experiment I'm going to do right over here.

00:44:10 This experiment has to do with sulfur, which is an element.

00:44:17 Sulfur is an element. It's yellow in color.

00:44:21 And what I will do is take some sulfur and burn it.

00:44:26 We'll burn the sulfur using a special spoon.

00:44:32 This spoon will be filled with the element sulfur like so.

00:44:39 And then we'll burn it.

00:44:42 We'll put it in the flame. The sulfur combines with the oxygen in the air and gives sulfur dioxide.

00:44:47 If we turn the lights off, you can see the sulfur burning perhaps a little bit better.

00:44:52 There's that very light blue tinge.

00:44:55 I'll put this now inside a flask.

00:45:01 And this flask is full of oxygen gas.

00:45:05 And you see now the nice glow of the combustion and the formation of sulfur dioxide.

00:45:11 You see a lot of smoke, a lot of fumes.

00:45:15 And that is an example of how air pollution results when you have things that contain sulfur that burn.

00:45:22 Now with the lights on, I will show you that at the bottom of this flask,

00:45:28 I have a blue colored liquid.

00:45:32 And this blue colored liquid has in it an indicator that changes color if we have acids formed.

00:45:39 Sulfur dioxide combines with moisture, combines with water to form an acid.

00:45:44 So if I mix the gas with the liquid,

00:45:51 you see that the color of the indicator has changed.

00:45:55 In fact, this is evidence for the formation of what we call acid rain.

00:46:00 So let's look at another experiment now.

00:46:03 This experiment we're going to do using a cast iron ball

00:46:11 that has a threaded screw that can close it off.

00:46:19 What I'm going to do is fill this ball with water

00:46:23 and then I'm going to try to freeze the water and we'll see what happens.

00:46:27 I'm going to do this experiment right over here for safety reasons.

00:46:32 You see I have a safety shield and I actually have another cast iron ball

00:46:39 that's already been filled with water and ice.

00:46:42 And all I'm going to do is put this on, tighten it as much as I can.

00:46:49 In fact, I'm going to use a wrench to tighten it.

00:46:53 Make sure it's really tight.

00:46:55 I can tell you it's cold. I can feel the coldness in my left hand.

00:46:59 But I want to make sure that this is really, really tight.

00:47:03 And the next thing I'm going to do is to put this in an empty can.

00:47:09 This empty can that I have is the one that I'm going to try to put this in.

00:47:14 In fact, I'll put it in right now.

00:47:16 I'll take these things out of the way

00:47:18 and we will do the experiment of freezing the water inside

00:47:25 by using a very cold slush of dry ice and acetone.

00:47:31 The slush of dry ice and acetone has a temperature of minus 78 degrees Celsius.

00:47:38 So that's below the freezing point of water.

00:47:41 And what we'll do is create the slush, make sure it's nice and cold,

00:47:47 and then put this on top like this

00:47:52 and do the experiment by quickly putting this wooden box on top and get out of the way.

00:48:04 When water freezes, it expands.

00:48:10 And what has happened is that the frozen water became ice,

00:48:15 expanded and blew up that ice, that piece, that ball, I should say, of the cast iron.

00:48:25 So let's see if we can get the pieces.

00:48:28 Pieces all over the place.

00:48:30 There are three pieces here.

00:48:33 And here is the stopper.

00:48:35 So there's no doubt about it that when water expands,

00:48:40 that when water freezes, it expands.

00:48:42 Okay.

00:48:50 Let's take a look now at the pennies that we have here and see what's happening to them.

00:48:58 I have to find them.

00:48:59 Here's one penny.

00:49:02 And you can see it has already changed color, right?

00:49:06 So I'll put it in here, just rinse it in this water and set it out here.

00:49:12 Let's see if I can find another one.

00:49:19 We had three of them, right?

00:49:20 Where are they?

00:49:27 Here's another one.

00:49:30 So we have these two pennies now that changed appearance.

00:49:33 In fact, it looks like we have achieved in part the alchemist's dream,

00:49:39 that is to change copper to silver, right?

00:49:42 This has a silvery appearance.

00:49:45 So let's see if we now can take this silvery-looking penny

00:49:53 and do something else with it, namely heat it.

00:50:00 So let's see what happens when I heat this in the flame.

00:50:13 In this experiment, there you begin to see a color change, right?

00:50:17 In this experiment, now we've changed copper to silver to gold.

00:50:22 Let's cool it off and put it down here.

00:50:27 Actually, before you came, I prepared silver and golden pennies,

00:50:37 and here they are.

00:50:38 You see the copper penny to begin with.

00:50:41 What we have seen and experienced so far is light energy, heat energy,

00:50:47 and we also experienced sound energy.

00:50:49 But I'd like you to know that chemicals can produce a variety of beautiful sounds.

00:50:55 So I'd like to ask our special friend, Fred Juergens,

00:51:01 to come out and show us all how we do this.

00:51:05 Fred?

00:51:06 Thank you.

00:51:11 Well, I was working in the lab a couple of days ago,

00:51:14 and I heard that Bucky was going to the Rose Bowl

00:51:18 and that the Badgers were going to the Rose Bowl,

00:51:20 so I decided to put some red and white liquids in these various beakers

00:51:26 that I've got in front of me,

00:51:28 and just to sort of have them around for the students to see here at the university

00:51:33 to indicate how proud we were of our Badgers.

00:51:37 And then I had a stirring rod that I was mixing things with.

00:51:40 You've seen Professor Shakashiri mix things.

00:51:42 And I started tapping the beaker, and I sort of heard a tone,

00:51:47 and then I tapped another beaker, and I heard another tone,

00:51:51 and I noticed something.

00:51:56 So this is my tribute to the Badgers,

00:52:12 and Bucky, have a great time in Pasadena.

00:52:15 All right.

00:52:20 So we move on and do another experiment.

00:52:23 This experiment we're going to do in this round bottom flask.

00:52:26 It has some water in it.

00:52:27 Actually, I don't need the water, so I'm going to dump the water out.

00:52:30 I go over to the sink, and I dump the water out there.

00:52:33 It goes down the drain,

00:52:35 and I will take a liquid, a small amount of a clear and colorless liquid,

00:52:41 and I put it inside the flask,

00:52:44 and then I take a larger amount of a different liquid,

00:52:49 and I put it inside the same flask,

00:52:53 and then put the stopper back on,

00:52:57 and we see already that we have evidence of a chemical change

00:53:00 because the color of the mixture is different than either component was before.

00:53:05 So we need to mix those things very, very quickly,

00:53:10 and one way of doing that is to simply shake them up like this,

00:53:16 and you see what's happening

00:53:20 is that we truly have evidence of chemical change, right?

00:53:25 Not only is the color changing from the dark that it was,

00:53:29 but it is now a nice silvery color.

00:53:32 I can see myself here.

00:53:33 Can you see yourself in there too, right?

00:53:35 There you go.

00:53:44 This is a very special ornament for the season that we're in now,

00:53:48 and of course it's a different size ornament than the one that you're used to.

00:53:52 Let me show you something else that I have here.

00:53:57 Look at this one.

00:54:00 This was prepared earlier,

00:54:03 and now if you drive around town and you see large Christmas ornaments,

00:54:08 you know where they came from.

00:54:12 What I'd like to do next is,

00:54:16 in this very special assembly of a spiral glass attached to a funnel,

00:54:24 which then leads into a collecting flask,

00:54:28 what I want to do is mix a clear and colorless liquid with a clear and colored liquid.

00:54:35 We'll mix them actually in the dark,

00:54:38 so if you can turn the lights off, please.

00:54:40 We then pour them in the dark as the lights go down,

00:54:45 and we'll see what happens.

00:54:50 Isn't that neat?

00:54:59 All right, with the lights on, then.

00:55:04 This is an example of the release of energy in the form of light.

00:55:09 It is what we call a chemiluminescent reaction.

00:55:13 Now I want to thank you for coming to my lab,

00:55:16 and I want to urge you to enjoy yourselves this year,

00:55:21 but remember, no matter what you do, science is fun.

00:55:24 Thank you very much.

00:55:28 Thank you.

00:55:58 Thank you.

00:56:28 To receive a VHS videotape of this program,

00:56:49 send a check or money order for $30 to

00:56:52 1993 UW Christmas Lecture, Department of Chemistry,

00:56:56 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 537061322.

00:57:03 Please do not send cash.

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